Condo Renovation Surrey

Condo Renovation Surrey

Kitchen cabinet replacement

You're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with a team that's committed to quality at every turn. Another project to note is the addition of a bespoke garden room for a client seeking a tranquil retreat within their property. Home improvement ideas Surrey From the initial planning phase to the final touches, our team coordinates closely to ensure that each phase progresses smoothly. It's not just about the aesthetics; they consider the local climate, materials that thrive in it, and designs that resonate with Condo Renovation Surrey's unique charm. Learn more about Condo Renovation Surrey here
You'll have direct access to a dedicated aftercare team, ready to address any post-completion queries. Canyon Property Projects Ltd.

Drywall installation and repair

  1. Bathroom renovation
  2. Permit and code compliance
  3. Renovation contractors
  4. Window replacement
  5. Structural renovation
  6. Interior painting
  7. Crown molding installation
  8. Home addition services
  9. Eco-friendly renovations
  10. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  11. Wall removal services
  12. Energy-efficient renovations
  13. Home layout redesign
  14. Bathroom renovation
  15. Permit and code compliance
also stays ahead of the curve, incorporating the latest building standards and innovations into their work. Recognizing the importance of a home's exterior appeal and functionality, they've introduced services like landscaping, deck building, and exterior painting.
Understanding the local market inside and out, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. tailors your home improvement projects to both your needs and the specific demands of the Condo Renovation Surrey area. Expanding your living space with Canyon Property Projects Ltd means unlocking the potential of your home through sophisticated extensions tailored to your lifestyle. Plus, they recommend products with a longer lifespan, reducing the need for frequent replacements and further minimizing waste. Read more about Condo Renovation Surrey here
This collaborative process ensures that your project reflects your personal style and meets all your functional needs. Enhancing your curb appeal with landscaping, updated siding, or even a new roof can make a dramatic difference in your home's overall aesthetics and value. They're a testament to the tailored approach Canyon Property Projects Ltd. Outdoor kitchen installation takes with each project.

Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here.

These thoughtful touches make a world of difference in how you enjoy and use your home. They'll scrutinize every component, ensuring that everything, from electrical wiring to plumbing, meets the highest standards. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. ensures your commercial upgrades are seamlessly executed, thanks to their unparalleled project management expertise. That's why they're dedicated to working closely with you, ensuring your vision comes to life exactly as you've imagined it.

Whether you're dreaming of a minimalist kitchen, a spa-like bathroom, or a more efficient home office, they've got you covered. They'll keep you in the loop, ensuring your vision comes to life exactly as you imagined. Moreover, they're keen on waste reduction during and after construction.

Whether it's a kitchen remodel, a bathroom renovation, or an entire home transformation, Canyon Property Projects Ltd crafts each space with passion and precision. That's why they take a personalized approach from the get-go, ensuring your vision is at the forefront of every decision. The team was professional, and their commitment to sustainability made us feel we made the right choice.'John, a local business owner in Condo Renovation Surrey, echoes this sentiment. 'Our commercial space needed a revamp, and Canyon Property Projects Ltd. delivered beyond expectations.

You, as a realtor or property owner in Condo Renovation Surrey, understand the significance of customization in today's dynamic real estate market. Kitchen cabinet replacement Canyon Property Projects Ltd. specializes in transforming ordinary bathrooms into spa-like retreats in Condo Renovation Surrey, ensuring every element reflects your personal taste while incorporating the latest trends in luxury and efficiency. Trust them to bring your vision to life with the quality and craftsmanship your home deserves.

Citations and other links

Energy Efficiency Improvements Condo Renovation Surrey

They've built a reputation for quality craftsmanship, attention to detail, and a personalized approach to each project, ensuring your home renovation dreams come to life exactly as you envision them. Aging-in-place renovations They'll ask questions to understand your lifestyle and how you use your space, ensuring the proposed improvements align with your daily life. You're likely familiar with the challenges of Poly B piping, a common issue in local homes that requires expert attention. A client needing minor renovations before selling their home was thrilled with the quick and efficient service. 'They helped us increase our home's value significantly,' they noted. 'Their expertise and advice were invaluable.'These testimonials highlight a consistent theme: Canyon Property Projects Ltd.

Best renovation experts Surrey

  1. Eco-friendly renovations
  2. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  3. Wall removal services
  4. Energy-efficient renovations
  5. Home layout redesign
  6. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  7. Green home remodeling
  8. Aging-in-place renovations
  9. Home improvement services
  10. Bathroom renovation
  11. Permit and code compliance
  12. Renovation contractors
  13. Window replacement
  14. Structural renovation
  15. Interior painting
  16. Crown molding installation
doesn't just do the job; they excel, ensuring each client's needs are met with professionalism and precision. Whether you're considering selling or simply want to stand out in your neighborhood, these makeovers are invaluable.

They're transparent about timelines and costs, so you're never in the dark. They're committed to bringing your vision to life, incorporating your personal style into the design while pushing the boundaries of what's possible. Imagine stepping into a bathroom that feels more like a spa than just another room in your house.

Entryway remodeling

  1. Garage renovation
  2. Drywall installation and repair
  3. Fireplace remodeling
  4. Custom cabinetry
  5. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  6. Green home remodeling
  7. Aging-in-place renovations
  8. Home improvement services
  9. Bathroom renovation
  10. Permit and code compliance
  11. Renovation contractors
  12. Window replacement
  13. Structural renovation
  14. Interior painting
  15. Crown molding installation
  16. Home addition services
They're also adept at navigating local regulations, ensuring your project moves smoothly without any compliance hiccups.

You'll start by sharing your vision during a detailed consultation, where they'll listen intently and offer expert advice to align your dreams with practical solutions. They understand that questions or concerns can arise once you start living in your newly transformed space. Every choice, from materials to layout, is made with your unique preferences in mind. They know that your home isn't just a space; it's a reflection of your personality, your aspirations, and your life story.

If you're envisioning a kitchen that not only meets your culinary needs but also reflects your personal style, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. specializes in custom kitchen transformations tailored just for you. Canyon Property ensures seamless project management from start to finish, keeping disruptions to your daily life to a minimum. They're not just about picking colors or materials; they're about creating a cohesive design that aligns with your lifestyle and preferences. You're involved in decision-making, ensuring the final plan reflects exactly what you've envisioned.

Energy Efficiency Improvements Condo Renovation Surrey
Interior Design Project Management Condo Renovation Surrey

Interior Design Project Management Condo Renovation Surrey

From bamboo flooring to recycled glass countertops, they're on a mission to incorporate green alternatives that don't compromise on style or durability. Moreover, we believe that quality shouldn't come at an exorbitant price. Don't overlook your roofing; it's not only critical for protection but also plays a significant role in your home's appearance. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., your home improvement project becomes a testament to sustainable living, proving that you don't have to sacrifice style or comfort to make a positive impact on the environment. Transforming your kitchen into the heart of your home, we specialize in tailoring spaces that cater to your culinary dreams and lifestyle.

You'll receive detailed plans and 3D renderings, allowing you to visualize the outcome before any work begins. Their attention to detail doesn't stop at aesthetics. From bespoke design and planning to expert craftsmanship underpinned by sustainable building practices, their approach is comprehensive. With their unmatched expertise, they've tailored their offerings to not just meet, but exceed homeowner expectations, ensuring every project reflects their hallmark of quality craftsmanship.

They handle the stress so you don't have to, turning what could be an overwhelming process into a seamless experience. Entryway remodeling They're all about creating a space where you can unwind and rejuvenate, no matter the size or layout of your bathroom. They mentioned the smooth process, from initial consultation to the final walkthrough, emphasizing the team's attention to detail and open communication. From installing energy-efficient windows to setting up smart home systems that allow you to control your heating, lighting, and security remotely, they're all about merging convenience with sustainability.

Canyon Property Projects Ltd. doesn't just offer you a service; they offer you a partnership in making conscientious choices that align with a sustainable lifestyle. They're not just about making a space look good; they're deeply invested in ensuring it works well for your lifestyle. Moreover, they're flexible and responsive to changes. So, investing in your property's curb appeal isn't just about aesthetics; it's a strategic move that pays off in both satisfaction and financial returns.

Home Improvement Condo Renovation Surrey

When considering your next home improvement project, selecting Canyon Property offers unparalleled expertise and quality. Their expertise isn't just limited to the inside; they also specialize in exterior makeovers including landscaping, decking, and siding, enhancing your home's curb appeal and value. They're transparent about costs, which means no surprises down the line.

Fireplace remodeling

  1. Aging-in-place renovations
  2. Home improvement services
  3. Bathroom renovation
  4. Permit and code compliance
  5. Renovation contractors
  6. Window replacement
  7. Structural renovation
  8. Interior painting
  9. Crown molding installation
  10. Home addition services
  11. Eco-friendly renovations
  12. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  13. Wall removal services
  14. Energy-efficient renovations
  15. Home layout redesign
  16. Outdoor kitchen installation
  17. Garage renovation
They've built strong relationships with local suppliers, ensuring that the materials needed for your project aren't just top-notch but also readily available.

Canyon Property Projects Ltd specializes in these details, ensuring your home not only looks inviting during the day but also stands out after sunset with strategically placed outdoor lighting. From optimizing your home's layout to incorporating energy-saving solutions, they're dedicated to improving your home's comfort and value. As we unpack the layers of what Canyon Property Projects Ltd. brings to the table, you'll find compelling reasons why their portfolio of completed projects and satisfied clients might just tip the scales in their favor, inviting a closer look at what makes their service stand out in the competitive world of home and commercial improvements.

With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., you're not just renovating your house; you're customizing your entire living experience. We've streamlined our processes and sourced materials efficiently to ensure that we can offer you the best possible price without compromising on quality. Their dedication to efficiency means you won't be waiting longer than necessary to enjoy your newly improved property.

Moreover, they're always up-to-date with the latest trends and technologies, ensuring your home isn't just stylish but also smart and sustainable.

Home improvement services

  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Wall removal services
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Home layout redesign
  • Fireplace remodeling
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Home improvement ideas Surrey
  • Green home remodeling
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Home improvement services
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Permit and code compliance
  • Renovation contractors
  • Window replacement
  • Structural renovation
  • Interior painting
  • Crown molding installation
  • Home addition services
Imagine stepping into a home where every detail, from the sleek lines of a custom kitchen island to the serene ambiance of a spa-like bathroom, reflects a new pinnacle of craftsmanship and innovation. Fireplace remodeling You've likely seen their work without even realizing it, elevating neighborhoods with each project they complete.

Home Improvement Condo Renovation Surrey
House Value Improvements Condo Renovation Surrey
House Value Improvements Condo Renovation Surrey

They're also adept at addressing structural issues, offering solutions that not only improve the appearance of your home but also its safety and durability.

Home improvement ideas Surrey

  1. Home layout redesign
  2. Drywall installation and repair
  3. Fireplace remodeling
  4. Custom cabinetry
  5. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  6. Green home remodeling
  7. Aging-in-place renovations
  8. Home improvement services
  9. Bathroom renovation
  10. Permit and code compliance
  11. Renovation contractors
  12. Window replacement
  13. Structural renovation
  14. Interior painting
  15. Crown molding installation
  16. Home addition services
Moving beyond the visual transformations, let's hear directly from those who've experienced Canyon Property Projects Ltd.'s remarkable home improvements first-hand. Their attention to detail means every element, from lighting to landscaping, is thoughtfully integrated to enhance both the beauty and functionality of your outdoor area. You'll never be left in the dark, wondering about the status of your project. We prioritize efficient use of space, ensuring every inch contributes to a seamless cooking and dining experience.

For a truly luxurious touch, incorporate technology with features like digital showers that allow temperature and flow control at the touch of a button, or whirlpool tubs for the ultimate relaxation. For realtors, curb appeal is even more crucial. If you're looking to enhance your home's energy efficiency, they offer eco-friendly options that can reduce your carbon footprint and save you money on utilities in the long run. These are sought-after amenities that appeal to today's environmentally conscious and tech-savvy buyers. Green home remodeling

They then proceed to planning, where timelines, budgets, and resources are mapped out. Condo Renovation Surrey's market trends show a growing demand for modern, energy-efficient homes with high-quality finishes. Next, you'll receive a clear, comprehensive quote that respects your budget without compromising on quality. Tile installation services With a keen eye for detail and a commitment to excellence, their team of skilled professionals goes above and beyond to deliver results that not only meet but exceed your expectations.

They're equally diligent about the functionality and durability of their work. They understand that questions and concerns can arise after the job is done. After exploring custom transformations, it's crucial to highlight the role of quality materials and tools in bringing your dream home to life with Canyon Property Projects Ltd. This dynamic market can significantly influence the types and extents of renovations that'll resonate most with potential buyers or enhance your property's value.

Custom Property Improvements Condo Renovation Surrey

They're not just about aesthetics; they prioritize functionality, ensuring every space is optimized to meet your needs. Step into the future of home living with Canyon Property Projects Ltd.'s advanced home automation solutions, designed to make your life easier and more comfortable. It's about creating a home that not only looks great but feels right.

Aging-in-place renovations

  • Renovation contractors
  • Window replacement
  • Structural renovation
  • Interior painting
  • Crown molding installation
  • Home addition services
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Wall removal services
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Home layout redesign
  • Staircase renovation
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Tile installation services
  • Best renovation experts Surrey
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
Their approach is proactive, anticipating potential obstacles and addressing them before they become issues. Bathroom renovation Canyon Property Projects Ltd. has carved out a niche for itself as a leading home improvement contractor in Condo Renovation Surrey, offering a wide range of services to transform your living space.
Their comprehensive services also cover outdoor projects, including landscaping and garden design, to create that perfect outdoor oasis. Imagine sleek granite countertops that not only dazzle the eye but also withstand the test of time and culinary challenges. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. meticulously focuses on every small detail to ensure your home improvement project exceeds expectations. Furthermore, they're proactive in addressing potential issues before they become problems.
Canyon Property doesn't just excel in technical execution; they understand the importance of listening to their clients. Our team works closely with you to understand your needs and preferences, making sure that every material selected aligns with your vision and budget. From complex renovations that breathe new life into old homes to cutting-edge designs that transform your living space, they've got the skills to make your vision a reality. Choosing Canyon Property Projects Ltd. means you're opting for a future where your home is part of the solution.
Each project in our portfolio is a testament to our team's dedication to transforming spaces into something truly special and personalized. Choosing Canyon Property means investing in a hassle-free experience, where your project is managed efficiently, within budget, and on time. You'll find their team responsive and attentive, breaking down complex project details into understandable terms, ensuring you're always in the loop. Next, you'll dive into the design phase, where your concepts start to take shape.

Explore Condo Renovation Surrey here
Custom Property Improvements Condo Renovation Surrey
Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

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PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

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Piping systems

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The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

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Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

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PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

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PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

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PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

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Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

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Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

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Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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Frequently Asked Questions

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